MDCAT XI Biology Nutrition+Biotechnology Online Test-2

1. Which of the following statements about holozoic nutrition and its associated processes is/are correct?

I. The five main processes of holozoic nutrition occur strictly in the order of Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, and Egestion.

II. Intracellular digestion, characteristic of Amoeba, involves the release of hydrolytic enzymes into a food vacuole, breaking down food inside the cell.

III. Planaria demonstrates both extracellular digestion by enzymes secreted from glandular cells and subsequent intracellular digestion within the cells lining its gastrovascular cavity.

IV. Unlike sac-like digestive systems, tube-like systems are always complete with two openings and exhibit both mechanical and chemical digestion.

2. A medical student is studying the structure and function of the human stomach. Which of the following observations or statements would be considered accurate based on its physiological roles?

3. Match the following parts of the human digestive system with their primary functions:

Which of the following is the correct matching?

4. The liver is the largest gland in the body with diverse functions. Which of the following statements about the liver and its roles is FALSE?

5. Consider the entire human digestive system from mouth to anus. Which of the following sequences of digestive events and associated structures is most physiologically correct?

6. Which of the following correctly lists the five main processes of holozoic nutrition in their typical order? 

7. In the human stomach, which type of cells are primarily responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor?

8. The muscular contractions that create wave-like movements to propel food forward through the digestive tract are called:

9. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of saliva in the human oral cavity? 

10. The extensive internal surface area of the small intestine, which is vital for efficient nutrient absorption, is greatly increased by the presence of:

11. Which accessory gland performs diverse functions including the secretion of bile, regulation of blood glucose levels, and detoxification of drugs? 

12. The human digestive system is classified as :

13. Which type of teeth in humans are primarily used for cutting food? 

14. The muscular organ in the oral cavity that aids in mastication, swallowing, taste, and speech is the:

15. Which enzyme found in saliva helps in the partial digestion of starch into maltose?

16. How many pairs of major salivary glands are present in humans?

17. What is the main function of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) in the human stomach?

18. The microscopic finger-like projections in the small intestine that greatly increase its surface area for absorption are called: 

19. A primary function of the large intestine in the human digestive system is to:

20. After food is broken down into simpler, diffusible molecules during digestion, what is the next process where these soluble molecules pass through the digestive membranes into the body? 

21. What is the primary role of lysozyme found in human saliva?

22. During the process of swallowing (deglutition) in humans, what prevents food from entering the nasal pharynx? 

23. The conversion of inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin in the stomach is facilitated by the presence of:

24. Which of the following best describes the composition of chyme as it leaves the human stomach? 

25. Upon reaching the duodenum, chyme from the stomach is highly acidic. Which substance is secreted by Brunner's glands in the duodenum to help neutralize this acidity?

26. While bile emulsifies fats, it is important to note that bile itself does not contain any: 

27. Which part of the large intestine connects to the small intestine and is the first section of the large intestine?

28. Which part of the human alimentary canal serves as a common passage for both food and air? 

29. In the human stomach, the innermost layer of the wall that contains mucous-secreting, parietal, and chief cells is the:

30. Which region of the small intestine is primarily responsible for receiving chyme from the stomach, and bile and pancreatic juice from accessory glands?

31. Within each villus of the small intestine, what two types of vessels are present for nutrient absorption? 

32. .The final segment of the large intestine that stores feces before defecation is the:

33. Which of the following is a function of the liver related to blood glucose regulation? 

34. The specialized phagocytic cells found in the liver sinusoids that help in defense and detoxification are called: 

35. Which of the following describes the exocrine function of the pancreas?

36. While the small intestine absorbs some water, the large intestine plays a major role in reabsorbing water and some nutrients, and also in:

37. The microscopic folds in the lining of the small intestine, which bear villi and microvilli, are known as:

38. Bile is essential for fat digestion because it performs the process of:

39. A patient presents with impaired protein digestion and reduced absorption of vitamin B12. Based on the specific functions of gastric cells described, which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

40. What is the primary function of antigens when introduced into the body via a vaccine? 

41. Which vaccine is produced by inserting the gene for its surface antigen into yeast cells using recombinant DNA technology?

42.  The Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is manufactured by inserting the gene for HPV surface protein into which type of cells?

43. which international organization plays a crucial role each year in identifying prevalent influenza strains to inform vaccine production?

44. In disease diagnosis, DNA/RNA probes are specifically designed to bind to what?

45. To enable their detection, DNA/RNA probes used in diagnostics are commonly labeled with which type of markers?

46. Monoclonal antibodies, used in disease diagnosis, are laboratory-made antibodies designed to bind to what specific targets?

47. Which infectious disease is listed as being diagnosable using monoclonal antibodies?

48. Besides infectious diseases, monoclonal antibodies are also widely used in the diagnosis of what other major disease category, often by detecting specific tumor markers?

49. Which of the following viral infections is specifically mentioned as being detectable using DNA/RNA probes?

50. A vaccine provides immunity to a disease by stimulating the body's immune system to produce what specific protective molecules?